| Regulator | Jurisdiction | Primary Framework | Enforcement |
|---|---|---|---|
Securities and Exchange Commission
|
USUnited States | Securities Exchange Act / Howey Test | high |
|
CF
Commodity Futures Trading Commission
|
USUnited States | Commodity Exchange Act | high |
|
NY
NY Department of Financial Services
|
USUnited States (New York) | BitLicense (23 NYCRR 200) | high |
|
Fi
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network
|
USUnited States | Bank Secrecy Act / MSB rules | high |
|
OF
Office of Foreign Assets Control
|
USUnited States | IEEPA / SDN sanctions | high |
|
ES
European Securities and Markets Authority
|
EUEuropean Union | MiCA (Reg 2023/1114) | medium |
|
EB
European Banking Authority
|
EUEuropean Union | MiCA Title III/IV (stablecoins) | medium |
|
Ba
Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht
|
DEGermany | KWG / KMAG (MiCA) | high |
|
AM
Autorité des marchés financiers
|
FRFrance | PSAN regime / MiCA | medium |
|
FC
Financial Conduct Authority
|
UKUnited Kingdom | FSMA 2023 / MLRs | high |
Bank of England
|
UKUnited Kingdom | FSMA systemic stablecoin regime | medium |
|
FI
Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority
|
CHSwitzerland | DLT Act / FINMA ICO Guidelines | medium |
Monetary Authority of Singapore
|
SGSingapore | Payment Services Act / DPT | high |
Hong Kong Monetary Authority
|
HKHong Kong SAR | Stablecoins Ordinance (2025) | medium |
|
SF
Securities and Futures Commission
|
HKHong Kong SAR | VATP licensing (SFO) | medium |
|
JF
Financial Services Agency
|
JPJapan | Payment Services Act / FIEA | high |
|
FS
Financial Services Commission
|
KRSouth Korea | Virtual Asset User Protection Act (2024) | high |
|
AS
Australian Securities and Investments Commission
|
AUAustralia | Corporations Act / AFSL | medium |
|
VA
Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority
|
AEDubai (UAE) | Dubai Virtual Asset Regulatory Law (2022) | medium |
|
BI
Bank for International Settlements
|
BISGlobal / standard-setter | Basel crypto-asset prudential standards | low |